Technical difficulties and countermeasures of digestive tract reconstruction in robotic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

There still remain some problemsin digestive tract reconstruction after robotic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer at present, such as great surgical difficulties and high technical requirements. Based on the surgical experience of the Gastric Surgery Department of Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University and the literatures at home and abroad, relevant issues are discussed in terms of robotic radical distal gastrectomy (Billroth I, Billroth II, and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy), proximal gastrectomy (double-channel and double-muscle flap anastomosis), and total gastrectomy (Roux-en-Y anastomosis, functional end-to-end anastomosis, FEEA, π-anastomosis, Overlap anastomosis, and modified Overlap anastomosis with delayed amputation of jejunum, i.e. later-cut Overlap). This article mainly includes (1) The principles of digestive tract reconstruction after robotic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. (2) Digestive tract reconstruction after robotic radical distal gastrectomy: Aiming at the weakness of traditional triangular anastomosis, we introduce the improvement of the technical difficulty, namely "modified triangular anastomosis", and point out that because Billroth II anastomosis is a common anastomosis method in China at present, manual suture under robot is more convenient and safe, and can effectively avoid anastomotic stenosis. (3) Digestive tract reconstruction after robotic proximal gastrectomy: It mainly includes double channel anastomosis and double muscle flap anastomosis, but these reconstruction methods are relatively complicated, and robotic surgery has not been widely carried out at present. (4) Digestive tract reconstruction after robotic total gastrectomy: The most classic one is Roux-en-Y anastomosis, mainly using circular stapler for end-to-side esophagojejunal anastomosis and linear stapler for side-to-side esophagojejunal anastomosis, for which we discuss the solutions to the existing technical difficulties. With the continuous innovation of robotic surgical system and anastomosis instruments, and with the gradual improvement of anastomosis technology, it is believed that digestive tract reconstruction after robotic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer will have a good application prospect in gastric cancer surgery.

Technical details of gastrointestinal reconstruction using linear stapler in totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy / 中华胃肠外科杂志

With the development of instrument, equipment and surgical skills, especially the emergence of a series of high-level medical evidence, the laparoscopic techniques in the field of gastric surgery has been further expanded. Totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy (TLTG) has certain technical difficulties, and more challenges are reflected in the digestive tract reconstruction. The use of linear staplers has reduced the difficulty of digestive tract reconstruction to a certain extent and has strongly promoted the transition from laparoscopic-assisted total gastrectomy to TLTG. However, for TLTG, there are still many details that should be carefully concerned, so as to effectively avoid the surgical pitfalls and ensure the fluency and safety of the procedure. In this article, we discuss the surgical details based on our own experiences, including how to obtain surgical field exposure well, how to manage specific accidents when using linear stapler for esophagojejunostomy, how to prevent intra-abdominal hernias and Roux stasis syndrome, and how to prevent the stapled lines of the esophageal or jejunal stumps from direct contact with aorta.

Anti-reflux gastrointestinal reconstruction techniques after laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Laparoscopic techniques are more and more poplular in proximal gastrectomy. The traditional esophagogastric anastomosis may lead to severe reflux esophagitis after surgery, affecting patient's quality of life. In recent years, multiple methods of digestive tract reconstruction after laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy capable of resisting reflux have been applied to the clinic. Combining the results of the latest clinical studies and our clinical experience, we elaborate the views on digestive tract reconstruction after laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy. Esophagogastric anastomosis (posterior esophagogastric anastomosis, anterior esophagogastric anastomosis, gastric tube reconstruction, lateral esophagogastric anastomosis, Kamikawa anastomosis and modified Kamikawa anastomosis, etc.) and esophagojejunal anastomosis (interposition jejunum, interposition jejunum with pouch, and double-channel anastomosis, etc.) are mainly discussed. Of course, the anti-reflux mechanisms of different surgical procedures are not the same, the anti-reflux effects are variable, and the surgical difficulties under laparoscopy are also different. Therefore, how to choose a rational reconstruction method after proximal gastrectomy needs to be comprehensively considered based on patient's own situation and technical level of the surgeons.

Conducta actual frente la hemorragia digestiva alta: desde el diagnóstico al tratamiento / Current behavior against Upper Digestive Hemorrhage: from diagnosis to treatment

Resumen La hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) es una emergencia médico-quirúrgica común que debe ser tratada precozmente por su alta morbimortalidad. Corresponde a sangrado del esófago, estómago o del duodeno proximal, y se divide en etiología no variceal y variceal. Dentro de las no variceales destaca la úlcera péptica como la más frecuente, siendo esta producida por un desbalance entre factores protectores y agresivos. Por otro lado, en las hemorragias variceales destacan las várices gastroduodenales, las cuales son consecuencia del aumento de la presión portal. La incidencia de la HDA a nivel mundial varía entre 37 a 172 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes por año y la mortalidad entre un 5 y un 14% según diferentes estudios. Lamentablemente, no existen cifras nacionales fidedignas de incidencia y prevalencia. El médico debe conocer bien la presentación clínica y la fisiopatología para ser asertivo en la sospecha, diagnóstico y manejo de esta patología. En cuanto al tratamiento, el enfrentamiento se divide en el manejo de urgencias y luego endoscópico, puesto que la resucitación temprana intensiva puede reducir la morbimortalidad en pacientes con HDA. A continuación se hará una revisión actualizada enfocada en los aspectos más relevantes del manejo de esta patología. Se obtuvieron los datos de Pubmed y Scielo, específicamente la búsqueda de artículos originales y de revisiones sistemáticas con las palabras "hemorragia digestiva alta", "úlcera péptica", "várices esofágicas" y otras relacionadas. Los criterios usados fueron artículos preferentemente menores a 5 años de publicación en revistas científicas de alto índice de impacto.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UHD) is a common medical-surgical emergency that must be treated early due to its high morbidity and mortality. It corresponds to bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, or proximal duodenum, and is divided into non-variceal and variceal etiology. Among the non-variceal, the peptic ulcer stands out as the most frequent, being this produced by an imbalance between protective and aggressive factors. On the other hand, in variceal hemorrhages gastroduodenal varices stand out, are a consequence of increased portal pressure. The incidence of HDA worldwide varies between 37 to 172 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year and mortality between 5 to 14% according to different studies. Unfortunately, there are no reliable national statistics of incidence and prevalence. The physician must have a good understanding of the clinical presentation and pathophysiology to be assertive in the suspicion, diagnosis, and management of this pathology. Regarding treatment, the confrontation is divided into emergency management and then endoscopic, because early intensive resuscitation can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with UHD. This is an updated review which will be focused on the most relevant aspects of the management of this pathology. Data were obtained from Pubmed and Scielo, specifically searching for original articles and systematic reviews with the words "upper gastrointestinal bleeding", "peptic ulcer", "esophageal varices" and other related words. The criteria used were articles preferably less than 5 years old in scientific journals with a high impact index.

Brief topical and intraluminal use of Carolina rinse solution does not attenuate experimental ischemia and reperfusion injury in rabbit jejunum / [O uso tópico breve e intraluminal da solução de Carolina rinse não atenua a injúria de isquemia e reperfusão experimental no jejuno de coelhos ]

Fifteen New Zealand adult rabbits were randomly allocated into three groups: Sham-operated (group A), Ischemia and Reperfusion (group B) and Carolina Rinse Solution (CRS) (group C). Groups B and C were subjected to one hour of ischemia and two hours of reperfusion. In group C, ten minutes before reperfusion, the bowel lumen was filled with CRS, and the segment immersed in CRS. Necrosis and loss of integrity of the villi were visible in groups B and C. Edema of the submucosa and circular muscle was observed in all groups. Hemorrhage was observed in different layers for groups B and C, but group C showed more severe hemorrhage in different layers during reperfusion. All groups showed polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration on the base of the mucosa, submucosa, and longitudinal muscle, in addition to polymorphonuclear leukocytes margination in the mucosal and submucosal vessels. Necrosis of enterocytes, muscles, crypts of Lieberkühn and myenteric plexus was observed in groups B and C during reperfusion. Topical and intraluminal Carolina Rinse Solution did not attenuate the effects of ischemia and reperfusion in the small intestine of rabbits.(AU)

Quinze coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia foram alocados em três grupos: instrumentado (grupo A), isquemia e reperfusão (grupo B) e solução de Carolina rinse (CRS) (grupo C). Os grupos B e C foram submetidos a uma hora de isquemia e a duas horas de reperfusão. No grupo C, 10 minutos antes da reperfusão, o segmento isolado foi imerso e teve seu lúmen preenchido com CRS. Os grupos B e C apresentaram necrose e perda progressiva da integridade das vilosidades. Foi observado edema na submucosa e na camada muscular circular em todos os grupos. Nos grupos B e C, foi observada hemorragia em diferentes camadas, mas, no grupo C, a hemorragia foi mais intensa durante a reperfusão. Todos os grupos apresentaram infiltrado de PMN na base da mucosa, na submucosa e na camada muscular longitudinal e marginação de PMN nos vasos da mucosa e da submucosa. Durante a reperfusão, foi observada necrose dos enterócitos, das camadas musculares, das criptas de Lieberkühn e do plexo mioentérico nos grupos B e C. O uso tópico e intraluminal de CRS não atenuou os efeitos da isquemia e da reperfusão no intestino delgado de coelhos.(AU)

Could the intestinal epithelial alterations promoted by roux-en-y gastric bypass explain higher tendency for colonic diseases in bariatric patients? / As alterações epiteliais intestinais promovidas pelo bypass em y-de-roux podem explicar maior tendência a doenças colônicas em pacientes bariátricos?

ABSTRACT Background: Intestinal diversions have revolutionized the treatment of morbid obesity due to its viability and sustained response. However, experimental studies suggest, after these derivations, a higher risk of colon cancer. Aim: To analyze the histological and immunohistological changes that the jejunojejunal shunt can produce in the jejunum, ileum and ascending colon. Method: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups, control (n=12) and experiment (n=12) and subdivided into groups of four. Nine weeks after the jejunojejunal shunt, segmental resection of the excluded jejunum, terminal ileum and ascending colon was performed. Histological analysis focused on the thickness of the mucosa, height of the villi, depth of the crypts and immunohistochemistry in the expression of Ki-67 and p53. Results: Significant differences were found between the experiment and control groups in relation to the thickness of the mucosa in the jejunum (p=0.011), in the ileum (p<0.001) and in the colon (p=0.027). There was also a significant difference in relation to the height of the villus in the ileum (p<0.001) and the depth of the crypts in the jejunum (p0.001). The results indicated that there is a significant difference between the groups regarding the expression of Ki-67 in the colon (p<0.001). No significant differences were found between the groups regarding the expression of Ki-67 in the jejunum and ileum. In the P53 evaluation, negative nuclear staining was found in all cases. Conclusion: The jejunojejunal deviation performed in the Roux-in-Y gastrojejunal bypass, predispose epithelial proliferative effects, causing an increase in the thickness of the mucosa, height of the villi and depth of the crypts of the jejunum, ileum and ascending colon.

RESUMO Racional: As derivações intestinais revolucionaram o tratamento da obesidade mórbida pela sua viabilidade e resposta sustentada. Porém, estudos experimentais sugerem, após estas derivações, risco maior de câncer de cólon. Objetivo: Analisar as alterações histológicas e imunoistológicas que a derivação jejunojejunal possa produzir no jejuno, íleo e cólon ascendente. Método: Foram utilizados 24 ratos Wistar machos randomicamente divididos em dois grupos, controle (n=12) e experimento (n=12) e subdivididos em grupos de quatro. Nove semanas após a derivação jejunojejunal procedeu-se a ressecção segmentar do jejuno excluso, íleo terminal e cólon ascendente. Análise histológica focou na espessura da mucosa, altura dos vilos, profundidade das criptas e a imunoistoquímica na expressão do Ki-67 e p53. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos experimento e controle em relação à espessura da mucosa no jejuno (p=0,011), no íleo (p<0,001) e no cólon (p=0,027). Também houve diferença significativa em relação à altura dos vilos no íleo (p<0,001) e profundidade das criptas no jejuno (p<0,001). Os resultados indicaram que existe diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à expressão do Ki-67 no cólon (p<0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos em relação à expressão do Ki-67 no jejuno e no íleo. Na avaliação do P53, foi encontrada coloração nuclear negativa em todos os casos. Conclusão: O desvio realizado na derivação gastrojejunal em Y-de-Roux, predispõem efeitos proliferativos epiteliais, causando aumento da espessura da mucosa, altura dos vilos e profundidade das criptas do jejuno, íleo e cólon ascendente.

Routine use of v-lock® suture for bariatric anastomosis is safe: comparative results from consecutive case series / Uso rotineiro da sutura v-lock® para anastomoses em obesidade é seguro: resultados de estudo clínico comparativo

ABSTRACT Background: In high-income countries, morbid obesity is a growing health problem that has already reached epidemic proportions. When performing a laparoscopic gastric bypass several operative methods exist. Aim: To describe the institutional experience using a knotless unidirectional barbed suture (V-Loc 180/Covidien, Mansfield, MA) to create a hand-sewn gastrojejunostomy (GJ) and jejunojejunostomy (JJ) during bariatric surgery. Methods: Evaluation of a case series of 87 morbidly obese patients who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass with a hand-sewn gastrojejunostomy (GJA) and jejunojejunostomy (JJA) between 01/2015 and 06/2017. The patients were divided into two groups: in group I, GJA und JJA sutures were performed using the knotless unidirectional barbed suture; in group II, GJA and JJA were sutured with resorbable multifilament thread (Vicryl® 3/0 Ethicon, Livingstone, UK). The recorded data on gender, age, BMI, ASA score, operative time, postoperative morbidity, length of hospital stay, and reoperation, were analyzed and compared. Results: All procedures were completed laparoscopically with no mortality. The mean operative time was 123.23 (±30.631) in group I and 127.57 (±42.772) in group II (p<0.05). The postoperative complications did not differ significantly between the two groups. Early complications were observed for two patients (0.9%) in the barbed suture group and for one patient (0.42%) in the multifilament suture group (p<0.05). In group I two patients (0.9%) required reoperation: on the basis of jejunojejunal stenosis in one patient, and local abscess near the gastrojejunostomy, without a leakage, in the other. In group II one patient (0.42%) required reoperation due to stenosis of the GJA. The duration of hospital admission was similar for both groups: 3.36 (±0.743) days in group I vs. 3.38 (±1.058) days in group II (p<0.05). Conclusion: The novel anastomotic technique is a safe and effective method and can be applied to gastrojejunal anastomosis and jejunojejunal anastomosis in laparoscopic gastric bypass.

RESUMO Racional : Em países de alta renda, a obesidade mórbida é um problema crescente de saúde que já atingiu proporções epidêmicas. Ao realizar um bypass gástrico laparoscópico, existem vários métodos operatórios. Objetivo: Descrever a experiência institucional utilizando uma sutura farpada unidirecional sem nós (V-Loc 180/Covidien, Mansfield, MA) para criar gastrojejunostomia (JJ) e jejunojejunostomia (JJ) costuradas à mão durante a cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos: Avaliação de uma série de casos com 87 pacientes obesos mórbidos submetidos ao bypass gástrico por videolaparoscopia com gastrojejunostomia (JJA) e jejunojejunostomia (JJA) suturados à mão entre 01/2015 e 06/2017. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos; no grupo I, GJA e JJA as suturas foram realizadas com a sutura farpada unidirecional sem nós e, no grupo II, com sutura multifilamentar reabsorvível (Vicryl® 3/0 Ethicon, Livingstone, UK). Foram analisados ​​e comparados os dados registrados sobre gênero, idade, IMC, escore ASA, tempo operatório, morbidade pós-operatória, tempo de internação hospitalar e reoperação. Resultados: Todos os procedimentos foram concluídos por laparoscopia sem mortalidade. O tempo cirúrgico médio foi 123,23 (±30,631) no grupo I e 127,57 (±42,772) no grupo II (p<0,05). As complicações pós-operatórias não diferiram significativamente entre os dois grupos. Complicações precoces foram observadas em dois pacientes (0,9%) no grupo de sutura farpada e um (0,42%) no de sutura multifilamentar (p<0,05). No grupo I, dois pacientes (0,9%) necessitaram de reoperação; um devido à estenose jejunojejunal e abscesso local próximo à gastrojejunostomia, sem vazamento, no outro. No grupo II, um paciente (0,42%) necessitou de reoperação por estenose da GJA. O tempo de internação hospitalar foi semelhante nos dois grupos: 3,36 (±0,743) dias no grupo I vs. 3,38 (±1,058) dias no grupo II (p<0,05). Conclusão: A nova técnica de anastomose é método seguro e eficaz e pode ser aplicado nas anastomoses gastrojejunal e jejunojejunal no bypass gástrico laparoscópico.

Hemorragia gastrointestinal baja por malformación arteriovenosa yeyunal / Gastrointestinal bleeding due to arteriovenous malformation of the jejunum

Paciente varón de 21 años, sin antecedentes de importancia que ingresa a Emergencia por presentar deposiciones rojo oscuras, tendencia al sopor e hipotensión, con anemia importante procediéndose a realizar sucesivamente transfusión sanguínea, endoscopia digestiva alta, angiotomografía abdominal y arteriografía que, con diagnóstico clínico de lesión de Dieulafoy, motivó laparotomía exploratoria encontrándose una lesión vascular a nivel yeyunal con sangrado activo. Se discute el manejo de hemorragia digestiva severa con compromiso hemodinámico y la causa poco común de malformación arteriovenosa a nivel yeyunal hallada por patología.

A 23-year old male patient with no history of importance was admitted to Emergency because of dark red stools, tendency to lethargy and hypotension, with significant anemia proceeding to perform on blood transfusion, upper endoscopy, abdominal angiotomography and arteriography with clinical diagnosis of Dieulafoy lesion motivated exploratory laparotomy finding injury vascular, the jejunum with active bleeding. The management of severe gastrointestinal bleeding with hemodynamic compromise and uncommon cause of arteriovenous malformation in the jejunum is discussed.

Twelve years of experience using cholecystojejunal by-pass for palliative treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer / Derivação colecistojejunal para o tratamento paliativo do câncer de pâncreas avançado

ABSTRACT Background: The cholecistojejunal bypass is an important resource to treat obstructive jaundice due to advanced pancreatic cancer. Aim: To assess the early morbidity and mortality of patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent cholecystojejunal derivation, and to assess the success of this procedure in relieving jaundice. Method: This retrospective study examined the medical records of patients who underwent surgery. They were categorized into early death and non-early death groups according to case outcome. Results: 51.8% of the patients were male and 48.2% were female. The mean age was 62.3 years. Early mortality was 14.5%, and 10.9% of them experienced surgical complications. The cholecystojejunostomy procedure was effective in 97% of cases. There was a tendency of increased survival in women and patients with preoperative serum total bilirubin levels below 15 mg/dl. Conclusion: Cholecystojejunal derivation is a good therapeutic option for relieving jaundice in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, with acceptable rates of morbidity and mortality.

RESUMO Racional: A derivação colecistojejunal é um importante recurso para o tratamento de pacientes com icterícia obstrutiva secundária ao câncer de pâncreas avançado. Objetivo: Avaliar a morbimortalidade precoce dos doentes com câncer de pâncreas submetidos à derivação colecistojejunal, assim como avaliar o alivio da icterícia. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de prontuários de pacientes que foram operados. Eles foram categorizados de acordo com a resolução dos casos em: morte precoce e sem morte precoce. Resultados: 51,8% dos pacientes eram homens e 48,2% mulheres. A média etária foi de 62,3 anos. A mortalidade precoce foi de 14,5%. 10,9% evoluíram com complicações cirúrgicas. A colecistojejunostomia foi efetiva em 97% dos casos. Houve tendência à maior sobrevida em mulheres e pacientes com níveis séricos de bilirrubina total pré-operatório menor do que 15mg/dl. Conclusão: A derivação colecistojejunal constitui boa opção terapêutica para alívio da icterícia em pacientes com câncer de pâncreas avançado, apresentando morbimortalidade aceitável.

Effects of duodenal-jejunal bypass on structure of diaphragm in western diet obese rats

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effects of duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) on the diaphragm muscle of obese rats fed on a western diet (WD) . Methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats were fed a standard rodent chow diet (CTL group) or WD ad libitum. After 10 weeks, WD rats were submitted to sham (WD SHAM) or duodenal-jejunal bypass (WD DJB). The structure, ultrastructure, collagen content and the morphometry of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) were analyzed two months after surgery. Results: WD SHAM rats displayed an increase in body weight, the Lee index and retroperitoneal and peri-epididymal fat pads compared to the CTL group. DJB did not alter these parameters. The muscle fiber structure and NMJs were similar in the WD SHAM and CTL groups. However, the WD SHAM group showed alterations in the fiber ultrastructure, such as loosely arranged myofibrils and Z line disorganization. In addition, WD SHAM animals presented a considerable amount of lipid droplets and a reduction in the percentage of collagen compared to the CTL group. DJB did not affect the structure or ultrastructure of the muscle fibers or the NMJs in the diaphragm of the WD DJB animals. Conclusion: Duodenal-jejunal bypass did not improve the alterations observed in the diaphragm of western diet obese-rats.

Duodenal-jejunal bypass normalizes pancreatic islet proliferation rate and function but not hepatic steatosis in hypothalamic obese rats

Modifications in life-style and/or pharmacotherapies contribute to weight loss and ameliorate the metabolic profile of diet-induced obese humans and rodents. Since these strategies fail to treat hypothalamic obesity, we have assessed the possible mechanisms by which duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery regulates hepatic lipid metabolism and the morphophysiology of pancreatic islets, in hypothalamic obese (HyO) rats. During the first 5 days of life, male Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (4 g/kg body weight, HyO group), or saline (CTL). At 90 days of age, HyO rats were randomly subjected to DJB (HyO DJB group) or sham surgery (HyO Sham group). HyO Sham rats were morbidly obese, insulin resistant, hypertriglyceridemic and displayed higher serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and hepatic triglyceride (TG). These effects were associated with higher expressions of the lipogenic genes and fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein content in the liver. Furthermore, hepatic genes involved in β-oxidation and TG export were down-regulated in HyO rats. In addition, these rats exhibited hyperinsulinemia, β-cell hypersecretion, a higher percentage of islets and β-cell area/pancreas section, and enhanced nuclear content of Ki67 protein in islet-cells. At 2 months after DJB surgery, serum concentrations of TG and NEFA, but not hepatic TG accumulation and gene and protein expressions, were normalized in HyO rats. Insulin release and Ki67 positive cells were also normalized in HyO DJB islets. In conclusion, DJB decreased islet-cell proliferation, normalized insulinemia, and ameliorated insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid profile, independently of changes in hepatic metabolism.

Biodegradable biliary stents: a new approach for the management of hepaticojejunostomy strictures following bile duct injury. prospective study / Stent biliar biodegradável: uma nova abordagem para as estenoses hepaticojejunais após lesão do ducto biliar. estudo prospectivo

ABSTRACT Background: Once a biliary injury has occurred, repair is done by a hepaticojejunostomy. The most common procedure is to perform a dilatation with balloon with a success of 70 %. Success rates range using biodegradable stents is from 85% to 95%. Biodegradable biliary stents should change the treatment of this complication. Aim: To investigate the use of biodegradable stents in a group of patients with hepaticojejunonostomy strictures. Methods: In a prospective study 16 biodegradable stents were placed in 13 patients with hepaticojejunostomy strictures secondary to bile duct repair of a biliary surgical injury. Average age was 38.7 years (23-67), nine were female and four male. All cases had a percutaneous drainage before at the time of biodegradable stent placement. Results: In one case, temporary haemobilia was present requiring blood transfusion. In another, pain after stent placement required intravenous medication. In the other 11 patients, hospital discharge was the next morning following stent placement. During the patient´s follow-up, none presented symptoms during the first nine months. One patient presented significant alkaline phosphatase elevation and stricture recurrence was confirmed. One case had recurrence of cholangitis 11 months after the stent placement. 84.6% continued asymptomatic with a mean follow-up of 20 months. Conclusion: The placement of biodegradable stents is a safe and feasible technique. Was not observed strictures caused by the stent or its degradation. It could substitute balloon dilation in strictures of hepaticojejunostomy.

RESUMO Racional: Uma vez que lesão biliar ocorreu, o reparo é feito por hepaticojejunostomia. O procedimento mais comum é efetuar dilatação com balão com sucesso de 70%. As taxas de sucesso utilizando stents biodegradáveis ​​é de 85% a 95%. Stents biliares biodegradáveis ​​devem mudar o tratamento desta complicação. Objetivo: Investigar o uso de stents biodegradáveis em um grupo de pacientes com estenose hepaticojejunal Métodos: Em estudo prospectivo 16 stents biodegradáveis ​​foram colocados em 13 pacientes com estenose de hepaticojejunostomia secundárias usados para reparação do ductos biliares de lesão cirúrgica. A média de idade foi de 38,7 anos (23-67), nove pacientes eram homens e quatro mulheres. Todos os casos tiveram drenagem percutânea antes do momento da colocação de stent biodegradável. Resultados: Em um caso, haemobilia temporária estava presente com necessidade de transfusão de sangue. Em outro, dor após a colocação do stent necessitou de medicação intravenosa. Nos outros 11 pacientes, alta hospitalar foi na manhã seguinte após o procedimento. Durante o seguimento, nenhum apresentou sintomas durante os primeiros nove meses. Um paciente apresentou significativa elevação da fosfatase alcalina por recidiva da estenose. Um caso teve recorrência de colangite 11 meses após a colocação do stent. Continuaram assintomáticos 84,6% com média de acompanhamento de 20 meses. Conclusão: A colocação de stents biodegradáveis ​​é técnica segura e viável. Não foram observadas restrições causadas pelo stent ou pela sua degradação. Stent pode substituir dilatação com balão na estenose de hepaticojejunostomia.

ASSESSMENT OF THE GASTRO-JEJUNO-DUODENAL TRANSIT AFTER JEJUNAL POUCH INTERPOSITION / AVALIAÇÃO DO TRÂNSITO GASTROJEJUNODUODENAL APÓS INTERPOSIÇÃO DE ALÇA JEJUNAL

Background : The jejunal pouch interposition between the gastric body and the duodenum after the gastrectomy, although not frequent in the surgical practice today, has been successfully employed for the prevention and treatment of the postgastrectomy syndromes. In the latter, it is included the dumping syndrome, which affects 13-58% of the patients who undergo gastrectomy. Aim : Retrospective assessment of the results of this procedure for the prevention of the dumping syndrome. Methods : Fourty patients were selected and treatetd surgically for peptic ulcer, between 1965 and 1970. Of these, 29 underwent vagotomy, antrectomy, gastrojejunalduodenostomy at the lesser curvature level, and the 11 remaining were submitted to vagotomy, antrectomy, gastrojejunal-duodenostomy at the greater curvature level. The gastro-jejuno-duodenal transit was assessed in the immediate or late postoperative with the contrasted study of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. The clinical evolution was assessed according to the Visick grade. Results : Of the 40 patients, 28 were followed with the contrast evaluation in the late postoperative. Among those who were followed until the first month (n=22), 20 (90%) had slow gastro-jejuno-duodenal transit and in two (10%) the transit was normal. Among those who were followed after the first month (n=16), three (19%) and 13 (81%) had slow and normal gastric emptying, respectively. None had the contrasted exam compatible with the dumping syndrome. Among the 40 patients, 22 underwent postoperative clinical evaluation. Of these, 19 (86,5%) had excellent and good results (Visick 1 and 2, respectively). Conclusions : The jejunal pouch interposition showed to be a very effective surgical procedure for the prevention of the dumping syndrome in gastrectomized patients.

Racional : A interposição de alça jejunal entre o corpo gástrico e o duodeno após a antrectomia, apesar de pouco frequente na prática cirúrgica atual, tem sido empregada com sucesso na prevenção e tratamento das síndromes pós-gastrectomias. Entre estas se inclui a síndrome de dumping, que acomete 13-58% dos pacientes gastrectomizados. Objetivo : Avaliação retrospectiva dos resultados desse procedimento na prevenção da síndrome de dumping. Métodos : Foram selecionados 40 pacientes todos encaminhados para tratamento cirúrgico de úlcera cloridropéptica entre 1965 e 1970. Destes, 29 foram submetidos à vagotomia, antrectomia, gastrojejunoduodenostomia no nível da pequena curvatura, e os 11 restantes à vagotomia, antrectomia, gastrojejunoduodenostomia no nível da grande curvatura. O trânsito gastrojejunoduodenal foi avaliado no pós-operatório imediato ou tardio por meio do estudo contrastado de esôfago, estômago e duodeno. A evolução clínica no pós-operatório foi avaliada segundo a classificação de Visick. Resultados : Dos 40 pacientes, 28 foram acompanhados com o estudo contrastado no pós-operatório tardio. Entre aqueles de até o 1º mês de pós-operatório (n=22), 20 (90%) apresentaram o trânsito gastrojejunoduodenal lento e dois (10%) tiveram o trânsito normal. Entre os que puderam ser acompanhados após o 1º mês (n=16), três (19%) e 13 (81%) mostraram o esvaziamento gástrico lento e normal, respectivamente. Nenhum apresentou o estudo contrastado compatível com a síndrome de dumping. Entre os 40 doentes, 22 foram submetidos à avaliação clínica pós-operatória. Destes, 19 (86,5%) apresentaram excelentes e bons resultados (Visick 1 e 2, respectivamente). Conclusões : A interposição de alça jejunal mostrou-se procedimento cirúrgico bastante eficaz na prevenção da síndrome de dumping em pacientes gastrectomizados.

Evaluation of intraluminal pressure in cystorrhaphies with and without intestinal serosal patch supplementation from canine cadavers

PURPOSE:To evaluate the maximal intraluminal pressure (MIP) supported by canine cadaveric urinary bladders that underwent cystotomy followed by cystorraphy, with and without serosal patching-supplementation.METHODS:Two groups (n=8 each) were formed, and in one (conventional) the cystotomy was closed with cushing pattern. In the other group (serosal), the same procedure was performed, and a piece of jejunum was used for the construction of the serosal patching over the cystorraphy. MIP was measured by means of an invasive blood pressure transducer with closed stopcock attached to a multiparameter monitor. At the end of each measurement, the bladder body circumference was assessed.RESULTS:Mean±SD MIP sustained for the conventional and serosal groups were 28.88±5.08 and 65.38±10.99 mmHg, respectively (p<0.0001). Bladder circumference did not change significantly between groups (p=0.35) and did not correlate with MIP assessed in conventional (p=0.27; r=0.4379) and serosal groups (p=0.37; r=-0.3637).CONCLUSION:Serosal patch-supplemented cystorraphies were able to sustain intraluminal pressures 55.8% higher, than nonsupplemented cystorraphies in specimens from canine cadavers.

Duodenal jejunal bypass attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in western diet-obese rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) on serum and hepatic profiles of obese rats fed on a western diet (WD). METHODS: Twenty eight male Wistar rats were fed a standard rodent chow diet (CTL group) or WD ad libitum. After 10 weeks, WD rats were submitted to sham (WD SHAM) or duodenal-jejunal bypass (WD DJB). Body weight, fat pad depots, glycemia, insulinemia, HOMA-IR, TyG, lipids profile and hepatic analyses were evaluated two months after surgery. RESULTS: The WD SHAM group presented greater obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis than the CTL group. WD DJB rats presented decreased serum glucose and insulin resistance, when compared to WD SHAM animals, without changes in insulinemia. In addition, DJB surgery normalized serum TG and attenuated TG accumulation and steatosis in the liver of the WD DJB group. Hepatic ACC and FAS protein expressions were similar in all groups. CONCLUSION: Duodenal-jejunal bypass attenuates hepatic parameters of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese rats fed on a western diet. .

Hemorragia digestiva baixa maciça por doença diverticular em jejuno / Lower massive bleeding due to jejunum diverticulosis

A doença diverticular do trato gastrointestinal é uma entidade que ocorre mais requentemente no cólon. No intestino delgado, a prevalência é de 0,3-1,9%, com 60-70% ocorrendo no duodeno, 20-25% no jejuno e 5-10% no íleo. Localiza-se na borda mesentérica e resulta da combinação da discinesia intestinal com o aumento da pressão intraluminal, acometendo preferencialmente idosos e o sexo masculino. É geralmente assintomática e suas complicações, como volvo, obstrução intestinal, diverticulite, perfuração, abscesso e hemorragia digestiva são raras. Na hemorragia digestiva baixa (HDB) maciça, a história clínica e o exame físico são pouco úteis e, embora extremamente rara, têm alta taxa de mortalidade. Os exames disponíveis para diagnóstico incluem colonoscopia, angiografia mesentérica, cintilografia com hemácias marcadas Tc 99, endoscopia por duplo balão e cápsula endoscópica. Pacientes hemodinamicamente instáveis devem ser submetidos à laparotomia com ressecção do segmento ? contendo os divertículos ? com anastomose primária. Relatamos um caso de HDB maciça em paciente idosa, acometida por neoplasia metastática de origem desconhecida e em uso crônico de anticoagulante oral. Apesar de a paciente ter recebido manejo considerado apropriado, com acesso aos exames adequados, tratamento cirúrgico de escolha e sem evidências de ressangramento após o ato operatório, seu desfecho foi negativo.

The diverticular disease of the gastrointestinal tract is an entity that occurs more frequently in the Cólon. In the small bowel the prevalence is 0.3 to 1.9%, with 60-70% occurring in the duodenum, 20-25% in the jejunum and 5-10% in the ileum. It is located in the mesenteric border and results from the combination of intestinal dyskinesia with high intraluminal pressure. It also affects mainly elderly and male gender. It is usually asymptomatic and its complications such as volvulus, intestinal obstruction, diverticulitis, perforation, abscess and gastrointestinal bleeding are rare. The massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding, although extremely rare, has a high mortality rate. History and physical examination are of little use. The tests available for diagnosis include colonoscopy, mesenteric angiography, Tc-99m cintigraphy, double balloon endoscopy and capsule endoscopy. Hemodynamically unstable patients should undergo laparotomy and the resection of the segment with primary nastomosis is the procedure of choice. We report a case of massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patient, affected by severe comorbidity ? metastatic neoplasia - and concomitant use of oral anticoagulants. Although the patient had received management considered appropriate, with access to the right imaging exams, treatment of choice and no evidence of bleeding after surgery, her outcome was negative.

Resultados iniciales de la cirugía de la obesidad con gastrectomía vertical y by-pass de yeyuno / Initial results of weight loss surgery with vertical gastrectomy and jejunal by-pass

La obesidad mórbida (OM), es una enfermedad crónica que se asocia a riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad. La cirugía ha demostrado ser la mejor opción terapéutica. El objetivo de este estudio, fue reportar los resultados de una serie de pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por OM con gastrectomía vertical y by-pass de yeyuno (GVBY), en términos de reducción del IMC. Serie de casos prospectiva. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por OM, en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Mayor, Temuco, Chile; en el período 2009 y 2014. Todos los pacientes fueron operados con una GVBY. La variable resultado fue reducción del IMC. Otras variables de interés fueron tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria, morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO), pérdida del exceso de peso (PEP), porcentaje de la pérdida del exceso de peso (%PEP), reducción de comorbilidad asociada y mortalidad. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva con cálculo de porcentajes, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Se intervinieron 30 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 38 años; con un 73,3% de sexo femenino. Se verificó una reducción progresiva y sostenida del peso, del IMC (normalizado en promedio a los 12 meses), de la PEP y del %PEP a lo largo del tiempo. La reducción general de co-morbilidad fue de 100% y la resolución total de la comorbilidad general fue de 91,1%. La mediana del tiempo quirúrgico y de la estancia hospitalaria fue de 125 min y 3 días respectivamente. La MPO fue de 13,3% (dos casos de fuga anastomótica y dos de hemorragia digestiva alta). La serie no reporta mortalidad. Los resultados observados con GVBY son comparables con los de otras series de cirugía de OM.

Morbid obesity (MO) is a chronic disease that is associated with risk of morbidity and mortality. Surgery has proven to be the best treatment option. The objective of this study is to report the results of a series of patients undergoing surgery for MO with vertical gastrectomy and jejunal bypass (VGJB) in terms of BMI reduction. Prospective case series. All patients undergoing surgery or MO during the 2009 to 2014 period, in the Surgery Department of the Hospital Clinico de la Universidad Mayor, Chile, were included. All patients were operated with a VGJB. The main outcome variable was BMI reduction. Other variables of interest were operative time, hospital stay, postoperative morbidity (POM), excess weight loss (EWL), percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL), reduction in associated morbidity and mortality. Descriptive statistics were used calculating percentages, measures of central tendency and dispersion. Thirty patients, with a median age of 38 years, 73,3% female, were operated. A progressive and significative reduction of BMI (normalized at 12 month follow-up) EWL and %EWL. Reduction in associated morbidity was 100%. Median of operative time and hospital stay were 125 min and 3 days, respectively. POM was 13.3% (two cases of anastomotic leak and two of upper gastrointestinal bleeding). No mortality was reported in this series of patients. Observed results with VGJB are comparable with other series of surgery for MO.

Step-by-step esophagojejunal anastomosis after intra-corporeal total gastrectomy for laparoscopic gastric cancer treatment: technique of "reverse anvil" / Passo a passo da anastomose esofagojejunal intra-corporea apos gastrectomia total para o tratamento do cancer gastrico por laparoscopia: padronizacao tecnica da "ogiva reversa"

Background: The laparoscopic gastrectomy is a relatively new procedure due mainly to the difficulties related to lymphadenectomy and reconstruction. Until the moment, technique or device to perform the esophagojejunal anastomosis by laparoscopy is still a challenge. So, a safe, cheap and quickly performing technique is desirable to be developed. Aim : To present technique proposed by the authors with its technical details on reconstruction with "reverse anvil". Method: After total gastrectomy completed intra-corporeally, the reconstruction starts with the preparation of the intra-abdominal esophagus cross-section next to the esophagogastric transition of 50%. A graduated device is prepared using Levine gastric tubes (nº. 14 and 10), 3 cm length, connected to the anvil of the circular stapler (nº. 25) with a wire thread (2-0 or 3-0) of 10 cm, which is connected to end of this device. The whole device is introduced in reverse esophagus. The esophagus is amputated and the wire is pulled after previous transfixation in the distal esophagus and the anvil positioned. The jejunal loop is sectioned 20-30 cm from duodenojejunal angle, and the anvil put in the jejunal loop and connect previously in the esophagus. Linear stapler (blue 60 mm) is used to close the opening of the jejunal loop. Conclusion: The "reverse anvil" technique used by the authors facilitated the transit reestablishment after total gastrectomy, contributing to obviate reconstruction problems after total gastrectomy. .

Racional: A gastrectomia laparoscópica é relativamente recente em função da dificuldade técnica relacionada à linfadenectomia e reconstrução. Até o momento, não se tem uma técnica ou dispositivo para realizar a anastomose esofagojejunal por laparoscopia que seja segura, de baixo custo e rápida execução. Objetivo : Apresentar técnica proposta pelos autores com seus detalhes técnicos de reconstrução com "ogiva reversa". Método : Após gastrectomia total completamente intra-corpórea, a reconstrução inicia-se com o preparo do esôfago intra-abdominal, com secção transversal de 50%, próximo a transição esofagogástrica. O dispositivo é preparado usando as sondas de Levine (nº.14 e 10), com 3 cm de comprimento, ligado à ogiva do grampeador circular (nº. 25) e um fio agulhado (2-0 ou 3-0) de 10 cm, ligado ao final do dispositivo que é introduzido no sentido inverso ao esôfago; ele é amputado e o fio puxado em seguida, posicionando a ogiva no esôfago distal. O jejuno a 20-30 cm do ângulo duodenojejunal é seccionado, introduzindo-se o grampeador no jejuno e conectando-o à ogiva, previamente posicionada no esôfago. Grampeador linear (azul de 60 mm) é utilizado para fechar a abertura do "cajado" do jejuno. Conclusão: A técnica de "ogiva reversa" utilizada pelos autores, facilitou a reconstrução do trânsito digestivo, contribuindo para diminuir as dificuldades técnicas na sua reconstrução após gastrectomia total. .

Modified "Roux en Y" hepaticojejunostomy to permit transgastric endoscopic access

PURPOSE: To present an option technique during the accomplishment of a "Roux-en-Y" hepaticojejunostomy that, allows future transgastric endoscopic access to the biloenteric anastomosis. METHODS: The side-to-side "Roux-en-Y" hepaticojejunostomy is carried through transmesocolic, retrogastric short tunnel. A distal jejunal loop of approximately 10,0 to 15,0 cm must be kept far from the anastomosis that allows its setting, without tension, in the anterior gastric wall bellow the small bending, between body and of the stomach antrum. Once the jejunal segment is fixed on the anterior gastric wall, this will allow future endoscopic access to the bilioenteric anastomosis, carried through transgastric punction guided by endoscopic-ultrasound (EUS). CONCLUSION: The modified "Roux en Y" hepaticojejunostomy is a simple and new technique to permit an alternative transgastric endoscopic access to bilioenteric anastomosis. .

Síndrome pinzamiento mesentérico: a propósito de un caso de hiperemesis / Superior mesenteric aartery syndrome: in relation to a case of hypermesis

INTRODUCCIÓN: El Síndrome de Arteria Mesentérica (SAMS) o Pinzamiento Mesentérico es un trastorno adquirido poco frecuente. Su característica principal es la obstrucción de origen vascular de la tercera porción duodenal, entre la arteria mesentérica superior y la aorta abdominal. CASO CLÍNICO: Mujer de 42 años de edad con antecedentes de trastorno depresivo, colecistectomizada en 1994 y múltiples hospitalizaciones por hiperemesis desde 1995 con estudios no concluyentes. Ingresó en diciembre de 2011 por vómitos alimentarios, con gran compromiso nutricional. Se le realizaron múltiples estudios que descartaron enfermedades reumatológicas, hepáticas e infecciosas. Entre los estudios imagenológicos, la endoscopía digestiva alta mostró esofagitis congestiva leve y gastritis crónica antral, al igual que todas las endoscopias previas. En la radiografía seriada esófago-gastroduodenal se observa severo reflujo gastroesofágico,y compresión compatible con pinzamiento. La tomografía computarizada de abdomen y pelvis mostraba el estómago de mayor tamaño que lo habitual y el duodeno presentaba nuevamente esta compresión compatible con pinzamiento. En base a estos últimos hallazgos imagenológicos, y luego de descartar variados diagnósticos diferenciales se planteó un SAMS y se decidió realizar bypass duododenoyeyunal, con buena evolución posterior. DISCUSIÓN: El diagnostico de SAMS es muchas veces de exclusión, basado en la clínica y la imagenología abdominal que descarta otros cuadros clínicos. En este caso se tiene el antecedente de múltiples hospitalizaciones sin diagnóstico concluyente. Finalmente por la larga evolución del cuadro se decide una resolución quirúrgica.

INTRODUCTION: The Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (SMAS) is an uncommon acquired disorder. The main characteristic is the obstruction due to compression of the third portion of the duodenum, between the superior mesenteric arthery and the abdominal aorta. CLINICAL CASE: 42-year-old female patient with a record of depressive disorder, cholecystectomyperformed in 1994 and multiple hospitalizations due to hyperemesissince 1995, with inconclusive studies. Was admitted to the hospital on December 2011 because to alimentary vomit associated with great nutritional compromise. Multiple exams were performed to discard rheumatologic, hepatic and infectious diseases. The imaging test showed high digestive endoscopy with mild esophagitis and antral chronic gastritis, as in previous endoscopies. Stomach-esophagus-duodenum radiography with gastroesophageal reflux and extrinsic compression of the duodenum. Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography revealed a larger than usual stomach’s size and a compression in the duodenum compatible with pinching. Based on these last results and after we discard other options, we diagnosed a superior mesenteric artery syndrome and it was decided to perform a duodenojejunal bypass, with favorable evolution. DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of SMAS many times is made by exclusion based on the clinic and the abdominal images, discarding other pathologies. In this case, multiple hospitalizations with inconclusive diagnostics led to performing several tests for a variety of illnesses. Finally, based on the large evolution of the case it was decided a surgical resolution.